https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz

Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz (1 July 1646 – 14 November 1716) was a German polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist, and diplomat. He is a prominent figure in both the history of philosophy and the history of mathematics. He wrote works on philosophy, theology, ethics, politics, law, history, and philology. Leibniz also made major contributions to physics and technology. As a philosopher, he was one of the greatest representatives of 17th-century rationalism and idealism. As a mathematician, his greatest achievement was the development of the main ideas of differential and integral calculus. He introduced several notations used to this day, for instance the integral sign ∫, representing an elongated S, from the Latin word summa, and the d used for differentials, from the Latin word differentia.

In philosophy and theology, Leibniz is most noted for his optimism, i.e. his conclusion that our world is, in a qualified sense, the best possible world that God could have created. Leibniz, along with René Descartes and Baruch Spinoza, was one of the three great early modern rationalists.

Leibniz’s best known contribution to metaphysics is his theory of monads, as exposited in Monadologie. He proposes his theory that the universe is made of an infinite number of simple substances known as monads. Monads can also be compared to the corpuscles of the mechanical philosophy of René Descartes and others. These simple substances or monads are the “ultimate units of existence in nature”. Monads have no parts but still exist by the qualities that they have. These qualities are continuously changing over time, and each monad is unique. They are also not affected by time and are subject to only creation and annihilation. Monads are centres of force; substance is force, while space, matter, and motion are merely phenomenal. It is said that he anticipated Albert Einstein by arguing, against Newton, that space, time, and motion are completely relative as he quipped, “As for my own opinion, I have said more than once, that I hold space to be something merely relative, as time is, that I hold it to be an order of coexistences, as time is an order of successions.” Einstein, who called himself a “Leibnizian” even wrote in the introduction to Max Jammer’s book Concepts of Space that Leibnizianism was superior to Newtonianism, and his ideas would have dominated over Newton’s had it not been for the poor technological tools of the time; it has been argued that Leibniz paved the way for Einstein’s theory of relativity.

The theories begun on this site take inspiration from Liebnizianism, for instance that ‘space’ does not exist separate to matter, that Monads are the units of matter. Monads do not exist in ‘space’, or separate to ‘space’, instead they exist over and within each other. Each Monad has a size of all of space, and all of space exists within each Monad. In this sense, ‘space is an order of coexistences’. The physics of such a basis for matter and existence is expounded in the following pages.